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Dopady pěstování palmy olejné na ekosystémy lesů ve vybraných zemích
Perutka, Jonáš
This bachelor thesis examines current effects of oil palm breeding on forest ecosystems in Southeast Asia, focusing on two representative countries, namely Indonesia and Malaysia. The first part of the thesis describes basic information about oil palm, oil palm breeding and its history. Then defines Southeast Asian macroregion and current state of its forests and biodiversity. Furthermore, describes relationship between the macroregion and oil palm and shows individual effects of the breeding on its local forest ecosystems. The second part analyses individual effects of oil palm breeding in each of the representative countries and names initiatives that are trying to prevent these effects from happening. Further comparison of the results shows which forest ecosystems are affected the most. The last part of the thesis portrays possible proposals and recommendations on how to make oil palm cultivation in the mentioned countries more sustainable and how to protect its forests.
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Ecological factors affecting the structure, diversity, and specialisation of caterpillar communities in forest ecosystems
SEIFERT, Carlo Lutz
The aim of the thesis was to explore how caterpillar assemblages are spatially, functionally, and taxonomically structured in temperate and tropical forest ecosystems. Firstly, we investigated to what extent caterpillar assemblages are vertically structured in a temperate forest in eastern North America. By using a comprehensive dataset of temperate forest sites across three continents, we further examined if distance metrics derived from plant phylogeny can be used to predict structural changes in caterpillar assemblages among co-occurring plants. We further studied if folivorous caterpillars associated with bamboo in an Ecuadorian montane rainforest can be considered as 'classical' herbivores (sensu stricto). In the last chapter, we introduce and compare plot-based sampling approaches to study interaction networks in forest ecosystems and provide comprehensive guidelines for replication in future studies.
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Ecology of yeasts in forest soils
Mašínová, Tereza ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Marečková, Markéta (referee) ; Kolařík, Miroslav (referee)
Microbial communities inhabiting upper soil horizons represent an important component of forest ecosystems. However, despite the evidence that yeasts represent an integral part of topsoil fungal communities, their role in forest ecosystems received so far little attention. The aims of my PhD thesis were to describe yeast communities in soil and litter of a temperate forest using high- throughput sequencing of environmental DNA, identify dominant yeast species and to explore how the composition of yeast communities reflects the biotic and abiotic factors of the environment. I also aimed to isolate yeasts from forest topsoil, describe novel yeast taxa abundant according to the environmental DNA survey and screen representative isolates for the traits relevant to their involvement in organic matter transformation. I have demonstrated that in forest topsoil, yeasts represent a substantial proportion of fungal communities with higher relative abundance in soil than in litter. In litter, yeast communities differ significantly among beech, oak and spruce-dominated stands. Drivers of community assembly are probably more complex in soils and comprise the effects of soil chemistry and vegetation. Even though there are similarities in the response of the communities of yeasts and filamentous fungi to...
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Molecular biology and ecology of microbial decomposition of plant-derived biopolymers in forest ecosystems
Žifčáková, Lucia ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Uhlík, Ondřej (referee) ; Bárta, Jiří (referee)
The abilities of fungi and bacteria to degrade simple and complex carbon compounds derived from different sources, such as root exudates, litter, soil organic matter or fungal mycelium were studied in this dissertation. Knowledge of functional traits, especially degradation abilities of fungi and bacteria, are important for deciphering the black box of microbial functioning in topsoil and thus aiding in modeling and predicting future directions of microbial communities development in face of global changes. Among fungal cultures form culture collection representing strains with different taxonomy and ecophysiology, the ecophysiology of fungi was more important in manifestation of functional traits than taxonomy. Among bacterial isolates from the litter and soil of spruce forest, Acidobacteria were confirmed to express multiple decomposition enzymes in high rates in vitro and were also abundant and active degraders in acidic spruce forest soil. The expression of degradation capacities of both bacteria and fungi were further studied in situ in spruce forest topsoil, that represents an important environment due to the ubiquity of coniferous forests on the Northern hemisphere. There is an obvious gap of knowledge, when comes to our understanding of seasonal effect on microbial functioning, and this is...
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Bacteria associated with decomposing deadwood
Tláskal, Vojtěch ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Uhlík, Ondřej (referee) ; Bárta, Jiří (referee)
Deadwood is a hotspot of microbial diversity and its decomposition contributes to carbon and nitrogen cycling in temperate forests. The historically recognized importance of fungi in the decomposition of deadwood has recently been complemented by the description of bacterial functions thanks to the rapid progress of culture-independent methods based on the analysis of nucleic acids. To study different aspects of deadwood decomposition, a temperate mixed forest in Zofinsky prales National Nature Reserve was selected as a site with rich historical forestry data where deadwood decomposition represents an important process in wood turnover. The aim of this thesis is to describe role of bacteria in deadwood decomposition at fine scale resolution with respect to community composition, enzyme transcription, and metabolic potential of dominant species. Effects of deadwood age together with pH and water content on the bacterial community composition proved to be more important than tree species identity. Bacteria showed distinct composition between early and late community in decomposing deadwood. The bacterial community was also under a significant influence of fungal community composition. Despite being in a close contact, bacterial and fungal communities differed significantly between deadwood and the...
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The influence of agricultural activities on the stream water quality in natural reservation
NOVOMĚSTSKÁ, Markéta
The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the impact of agricultural activity on hydrochemical parameters of surface waters in connection with the occurence of specially protected species within the surface waters of a monitored area. A model was chosen for the evaluation of the situation - Bedřichovský potok, which is located in Novohradské hory. The river consists of lower and upper sub-waters. Forest management is applied within upper sub-basin, while agricultural management on arable land, meadows and pastures is used in the lower sub-basin. The monitored parameters were indicators of eutrophication of surface waters: Nitrate nitrogen (N-NO3-), Phosphate phosphorus (P-PO43-), and conductivity of undissolved material (NL105). The results showed that the agriculture management (especially on arable land) burdens the soil with nutrients and consequently erosion enters the substances, bringing them to the surface and ground water as a result. There was an increase of substances in the water after rain.
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The influence of agricultural activities on selected physical and chemical parameters of surface water
MIKEŠOVÁ, Aneta
The aim of this diploma thesis was a statistical evaluation of the impact of farming methods and the land cover on hydrochemical parameters of surface waters drainage patterns in Novohradské mountains and identify the possible impact of agriculture on the valuesof these parameters. The area for the evaluation is consist of lower and upper parts of the basin of Pasecký, Bedřichovský and Váčkový stream. Sampling sites include agriculturally cultivated land, but also forest ecosystems. The work is mainly focused on the following parameters: conductivity, nitrate nitrogen (N-NO3-), suspended solids (NL105) and phosphate phosphorus (P-PO43-), which are parameters causing eutrophication of water. The parameters changes were analysed for the years 2014 - 2017. Significant differences were observed in the all three streams in the water chemisms between upper and lower parts of the watersheds of conductivity and nitrate nitrogen (N-NO3-). The results confirmed that the farming has a significant influence on the water quality in the Pasecký, Bedřichovský and Váčkový stream although it is an extensive farming.
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Prediction of changes in landscape and biodiversity development as important factors in maintaining the current state of forest ecosystems
Cudlín, Ondřej ; Pechanec, V. ; Purkyt, Jan ; Štěrbová, Lenka ; Holá, Š. ; Cienciala, E. ; Cudlín, Pavel
We used a combination of several analytical tools to analyse change and predict the land use, carbon storage and biodiversity assessment in the cultural landscape. First, the GIS layer, consisted of Habitat mapping (NCA CR 2014) for 138 natural and close to nature habitats and Corine LC for 54 more anthropically influenced habitats, was created. The Land Change Modeler (scenario type - business as usual, pixel resolution 500 m) was used to predict the development of land cover on the basis of data comparison in several historical periods (Corine LC from 1990, 2000, 2006, 2012). We also did prediction of carbon storage under climate change in model InVEST 3.0 – carbon. Changes in carbon storage were calculated from four carbon pools: above-ground biomass, below-ground biomass, necromass and soil organic carbon. To assess and predict the changes in biodiversity in the \nforest-agriculture landscape we used the model GLOBIO 3, which works with five basic driving forces for biodiversity loss: land use, infrastructure, fragmentation of territory, atmospheric nitrogen deposition and climate change. Last used model Marxan enables us to select up to now unprotected areas with a high degree of biodiversity and naturalness of habitats for environmentally friendly agriculture and forestry management.\n
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Ecology of yeasts in forest soils
Mašínová, Tereza ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Marečková, Markéta (referee) ; Kolařík, Miroslav (referee)
Microbial communities inhabiting upper soil horizons represent an important component of forest ecosystems. However, despite the evidence that yeasts represent an integral part of topsoil fungal communities, their role in forest ecosystems received so far little attention. The aims of my PhD thesis were to describe yeast communities in soil and litter of a temperate forest using high- throughput sequencing of environmental DNA, identify dominant yeast species and to explore how the composition of yeast communities reflects the biotic and abiotic factors of the environment. I also aimed to isolate yeasts from forest topsoil, describe novel yeast taxa abundant according to the environmental DNA survey and screen representative isolates for the traits relevant to their involvement in organic matter transformation. I have demonstrated that in forest topsoil, yeasts represent a substantial proportion of fungal communities with higher relative abundance in soil than in litter. In litter, yeast communities differ significantly among beech, oak and spruce-dominated stands. Drivers of community assembly are probably more complex in soils and comprise the effects of soil chemistry and vegetation. Even though there are similarities in the response of the communities of yeasts and filamentous fungi to...
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